Shell is a program that acts as an intermediary between the user's operating system. Users can run programs, create a pipeline of the process and save the output to a file and run more than one program within a same time.command contained in the android operating system can be seen in the directory / system / bin.

akmd
am
app_process
cat
chmod
cmp
dalvikvm
date
dbus-daemon
dd
debug_tool
debuggerd
dexopt
df
dhcpcd
dmesg
dumpcrash
dumpstate
dumpsys
dvz
fillup
flash_image
getevent
getprop
hciattach
hcid
hd
hostapd
hostapd_cli
htclogkernel
id
ifconfig
iftop
input
insmod
installd
ioctl
itr
kill
linker
ln
log
logcat
logwrapper
ls
lsmod
mediaserver
mkdir
mkdosfs
monkey
mount
mountd
mv
netcfg
netstat
notify
ping
playmp3
pm
printenv
ps
qemud
radiooptions
reboot
renice
rild
rm
rmdir
rmmod
route
schedtop
sdptool
sdutil
sendevent
service
servicemanager
setconsole
setprop
sh
sleep
smd
ssltest
start
stop
surfaceflinger
svc
sync
system_server
telnetd
toolbox
top
umount
vmstat
watchprops
wipe
wlan_loader
wpa_cli

wpa_supplicant

To enter the shell in android operating system can use the command 'adb shell' command prompt on the computer or go to the emulator developers through Dev Tools menu and select the terminal emulator
a. Command
• ls is used to display a list of the contents of a directory
syntax: ls: shows the content of the active directory
ls filename / direktoriname: displays the filename (if the file exists) or the contents of direktoriname
ls-l: displays the contents of a directory in long format
• cd is used to move to a directory
syntax: cd namadirektori: move to namadirektori
cd .. : Move to upper directory
• echo to display text to standard output
syntax: echo 'abc': display text to the screen abc
b. Diversion
Allows the transfer facility to store the output of a process to a file.
• The command> filename
So that the output from these commands will be stored in the file filename. Shell plans to create a file if the files have not been there or rewrite the file if the file already exists so that the contents of the old file will be deleted.
• The command>> filename
The difference with the previous syntax is the output of the command is not re-written to the file but added to the file so that the contents of the file is not deleted.
c. Background Process
If the command followed by the characters '&' then the subshell will be created to run the command in background processes.
Syntax: command &

READ MORE - Android:shell Command

for create applications for android operating system, we need a lot of reference.
This is a list of links that can be used to download books android-based application programming :

• beginning android 2
• android 2 application development
• profesional android application development
  

READ MORE - Android books

Rumored that android 3.0 Features :

• Minimum hardware requirements for Android 3.0 devices are: 1GHZ CPU, 512MB or RAM, displays from 3.5” and higher.
• New 1280×760 resolution available for the devices with displays of 4” and higher.
• Completely revamped user interface. If you want to get a feeling of what Android 3.0 Gingerbread UX is like, check out the Gallery App on Nexus One. The same overall feel, light animated transitions,etc. Natively, through all the UI.
• Android’s split into 2 branches becomes official. 3.0 for top of the line/high end devices. Cheap, low-end mass market handsets will keep Android 2.1/2.2

HW minimum if such a thing could be said that many phones that have been issued previously could not enjoy this type.
But others say that
1 GHz CPU is recommended, not minimum.

So how exactly?

READ MORE - News:android 3.0 Gingerbread minimum requrements

Android Developers Blog: Game Development for Android: A Quick Primer

READ MORE - Android Developers Blog: Game Development for Android: A Quick Primer

Tutorial create project android with eclipse, do this:
a. In Eclipse, on the toolbar menu select File -> New -> Project

b. In the New Project dialog select Android Project

c. Then select the next, the new Android Project dialog fill in as follows:

Information
• Project Name: the name of the project itself
• Contents: The project created new or from existing sources as well as from examples in the
SDK.
• Build Target: Platforms that will be used on the project created
• Application Name: Name of application that created
• Package Name: Package name for the project consists of a minimum of two identifiers
• Create Activity: Name of activity made
• Min SDK Version: Version SDK project created a minimum passing
d. Press finish the project which will be created will be formed. Directory structure will be formed as follows:

Making Virtual Devices for Emulator
On the toolbar menu in Eclipse, click on or run on the Android SDK directory SDKsetup.exe then choose Virtual Devices. Then choose New

The target is the platform used by the device are made. Then select Create AVD the emulator has been created.

READ MORE - Creating a Project-based android using Eclipse

This is example for java programming
Making a welcome program for the user, the user has a name and a hobby.
Create two files namely pengguna.java and userInterface.java that contains the following:
In pengguna.java file
import java.io. *; / / retrieve the standard classes available in java

public class users
(
/ / Declaration attribute
private String name;
private String hobby;

/ / Method declaration
/ / No return value
/ / Be used void
public void setNamadanHobi (String name, String Hobbies)
(
this.nama = name;
this.hobi = Hobbies;
)
/ / Method to display the names and hobbies object to be created
public void lihatDataDiri ()

(
System.out.println ("\ n" + this.nama + "which has a hobby:" + this.hobi);
)
)
In userInterface.java file
import java.io. *;

public class userInterface
(
public static void main (String args [])
(
a user user = new object ();// creation of user classes
a.setNamadanHobi ("Stephen", "read ");// give a name and a hobby in objects
System.out.println ("\ n \ tWelcome");
a.lihatDataDiri ();// calls method for manampilkan names and hobbies
)
)
Then at the command prompt move to the directory this file is located and then do this command (javac to compile java programs while running the program)

READ MORE - Basic java programming android(2)

It was a well understood myth that only Android 2.2 Froyo was capable enough to handle Flash 10.1. But now as the story unfolds, you can install Flash 10.1 onto your Android 2.1 Eclair powered handsets without any issues. The absence of a JIT compiler and other Froyo goodies might cause some performance issues, but in the end you will be able to surf Flash enabled websites without any problems.

Here is the step by step guide on how to get Flash 10.1 on your Android 2.1 Eclair geared phone:

1. The first step is to download flash_for_21.zip to your computer and extract the .apk file.
2. Now navigate to the market and install “Apps Installer” utility to your phone.
3. Now connect your Android phone to the computer and copy .apk file to your SD card. Make sure that it is in SD card root and not in a sub folder.
4. After this launch “Apps Installer” on your phone and follow the on screen instructions to install flash_for_21.apk file.
5. After installation is complete, simply reboot your phone and there you go! You now have Flash 10.1 on your phone.

This method has been tested and confirmed operational for Google Nexus One, Droid Eris and HTC EVO 4G on stock Android 2.1 Eclair.

Download Flash 10.1 For Android 2.1 Eclair.

source:http://www.addictivetips.com/mobile/how-to-install-flash-10-1-on-android-2-1-eclair-devices/

READ MORE - Flash 10.1 onto your Android 2.1